1.0 Regulatory Foundation for Industrial Emission Controls
Government Regulation PP 22/2021 establishes Indonesia's comprehensive framework for controlling air emissions from industrial facilities. Chapter IV (BAB IV) addresses Air Quality Protection and Management (Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan Mutu Udara), with Paragraphs 3 through 6 (Pasal 189-206) specifically governing emission standards (Baku Mutu Emisi) and their implementation for stationary sources.
The regulation creates a two-tier system distinguishing between low emission impact and high emission impact activities. This classification determines whether facilities operate under ministerially-established standards or must obtain individualized Technical Approval (Persetujuan Teknis) specifying their emission limits, control equipment requirements, and monitoring obligations.
This framework integrates with the broader Environmental Approval system, where emission control requirements become conditions attached to operating permits. Facilities subject to AMDAL or UKL-UPL assessment must address emission impacts during the environmental assessment process, while even SPPL activities generating emissions must manage them according to regulatory standards.
1.1 Emission Standards Framework
ElementStandard establishment
Indonesian TermPenyusunan Baku Mutu Emisi
Regulatory BasisPasal 190 ayat (1)
Key ProvisionMinister authority
ElementTechnology basis
Indonesian TermTeknologi terbaik yang tersedia
Regulatory BasisPasal 190 ayat (2)
Key ProvisionBest available technology
ElementSource categories
Indonesian TermSumber Emisi
Regulatory BasisPasal 190 ayat (3)
Key ProvisionStationary and mobile
ElementImplementation
Indonesian TermPenerapan
Regulatory BasisPasal 191
Key ProvisionImpact-based classification
Pasal 190 ayat (1-3) establishes:
Menteri menyusun dan menetapkan Baku Mutu Emisi... disusun dengan mempertimbangkan teknologi terbaik yang tersedia... diterapkan pada: a. sumber Emisi tidak bergerak; dan b. sumber Emisi bergerak.
The Minister formulates and establishes emission standards considering best available technology, applying to both stationary and mobile emission sources.
1.2 Source Type Classification
Indonesian TermSumber Emisi tidak bergerak
ExamplesFactories, power plants, processing facilities
Regulatory TreatmentPasal 191-203
Stationary sources
Indonesian TermSumber Emisi bergerak
ExamplesVehicles, heavy equipment
Regulatory TreatmentPasal 204-206
Mobile sources
Indonesian TermProduk industri otomotif
ExamplesNew and in-production models
Regulatory TreatmentType approval system
Automotive products
Indonesian TermTransportasi darat berbasis jalan
ExamplesOn-road vehicles
Regulatory TreatmentEmission testing regime
Road transport
Indonesian TermTransportasi berbasis nonjalan
ExamplesOff-road vehicles, machinery
Regulatory TreatmentEquipment certification
Non-road equipment
2.0 Impact Classification System for Stationary Sources
The regulation establishes a binary classification for stationary sources based on emission impact magnitude, with each category subject to different compliance pathways.
2.1 Low vs High Impact Categories
Impact CategoryLow emission impact
Indonesian TermDampak Emisi rendah
Compliance PathwayMinisterial standards
Technical Approval RequiredNo (unless standards not yet established)
Impact CategoryHigh emission impact
Indonesian TermDampak Emisi tinggi
Compliance PathwayTechnical Approval
Technical Approval RequiredYes (mandatory)
Impact CategoryIndustrial estate activities
Indonesian TermRKL-RPL rinci
Compliance PathwayEstate manager review
Technical Approval RequiredRequired for high impact
Impact CategoryUnregulated activities
Indonesian TermBaku Mutu belum ditetapkan
Compliance PathwayTechnical Approval
Technical Approval RequiredYes (mandatory)
Pasal 191 ayat (1-3) specifies:
Baku Mutu Emisi sumber Emisi tidak bergerak sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 190 ayat (3) huruf a ditetapkan untuk Usaha dan/atau Kegiatan dengan: a. dampak Emisi rendah; dan b. dampak Emisi tinggi.
Stationary source emission standards are established for activities with low emission impact and high emission impact. Low impact activities apply ministerially-established standards directly; high impact activities must obtain individualized Technical Approval.
2.2 Technical Approval Triggers
Trigger ConditionHigh emission impact designation
RequirementMandatory Technical Approval
AuthorityMinister/Governor/Regent-Mayor
Timeline30 business days
Trigger ConditionStandards not yet established
RequirementMandatory Technical Approval
AuthorityEnvironmental Approval authority
Timeline30 business days
Trigger ConditionIndustrial estate high-impact
RequirementEstate manager verification
AuthorityEstate RKL-RPL process
TimelinePer estate timeline
Trigger ConditionSPPL activities generating emissions
RequirementEmission management
AuthorityOperator self-compliance
TimelineContinuous
Pasal 191 ayat (5) provides:
Dalam hal Baku Mutu Emisi sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (2) belum ditetapkan oleh Menteri, penanggung jawab Usaha dan/atau Kegiatan wajib mengajukan permohonan Persetujuan Teknis.
Where emission standards have not been established by the Minister, operators must apply for Technical Approval regardless of impact category.
3.0 Technical Approval Application Requirements
High emission impact facilities and those without established ministerial standards must apply for Technical Approval. The application requires comprehensive technical documentation addressing fifteen distinct elements.
3.1 Fifteen Required Application Elements
ElementEmission source identification
Indonesian TermIdentifikasi sumber Emisi
DescriptionAll point and fugitive sources
ElementMeteorological data
Indonesian TermInformasi data meteorologi
DescriptionWind, temperature, atmospheric conditions
ElementBaseline conditions
Indonesian TermInformasi rona awal kawasan terdampak
DescriptionPre-operation ambient conditions
ElementEmission load calculations
Indonesian TermPerhitungan Beban Emisi yang dihasilkan
DescriptionTotal pollutant mass release
ElementDispersion modeling
Indonesian TermPerhitungan simulasi dispersi
DescriptionMaximum concentration determination
ElementMass balance calculations
Indonesian TermPerhitungan neraca massa
DescriptionInput-output pollutant tracking
ElementMaterials inventory
Indonesian TermBahan baku dan penunjang
DescriptionRaw and auxiliary materials
ElementEfficiency calculations
Indonesian TermPerhitungan efisiensi
DescriptionControl equipment performance
ElementDischarge impact magnitude
Indonesian TermBesaran dampak pembuangan Emisi
DescriptionEnvironmental effect assessment
ElementEmission quality values
Indonesian TermNilai mutu Emisi
DescriptionProposed concentration limits
ElementProduction process
Indonesian TermProses produksi
DescriptionProcess flow and emission points
ElementControl equipment
Indonesian TermAlat pengendali Emisi yang digunakan
DescriptionPollution control systems
ElementEnergy consumption
Indonesian TermKonsumsi energi yang digunakan
DescriptionFuel and power inputs
ElementEmission management plan
Indonesian TermRencana pengelolaan Emisi
DescriptionOperational control measures
ElementMonitoring plan
Indonesian TermRencana pemantauan Emisi dan Udara Ambien
DescriptionStack and ambient monitoring
Pasal 192 ayat (2) mandates:
Permohonan Persetujuan Teknis sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) dilengkapi dengan kajian yang memuat: a. identifikasi sumber Emisi; b. informasi data meteorologi; c. informasi rona awal kawasan terdampak...
The Technical Approval application must include studies containing all fifteen elements, providing authorities with comprehensive information to evaluate emission control adequacy.
3.2 Application Submission Process
StepSubmission
TimelineDay 0
ActionFile through SILH
OutcomeApplication registered
StepCompleteness review
Timeline2 business days
ActionAdministrative check
OutcomeComplete/Incomplete determination
StepCorrection period
Timeline10 business days (if incomplete)
ActionApplicant revisions
OutcomeResubmission required
StepSubstantive assessment
TimelineUp to 30 business days
ActionTechnical evaluation
OutcomeApproval/Rejection
StepExpert involvement
TimelineAs needed
ActionAir pollution specialists
OutcomeTechnical recommendations
4.0 Technical Approval Content and Obligations
Approved Technical Approvals contain three categories of requirements: technical standards, human resource competency standards, and environmental management system requirements.
4.1 Technical Standards Components
ComponentParameter values
Indonesian TermParameter dan nilai Baku Mutu Emisi
SpecificationPollutant-specific limits
ComponentControl equipment design
Indonesian TermDesain alat pengendali Emisi
SpecificationRequired technology specifications
ComponentSampling locations
Indonesian TermLokasi titik pengambilan sampel
SpecificationStack and ambient sampling points
ComponentMonitored sources
Indonesian TermSumber Emisi wajib pantau
SpecificationNamed sources with coordinates
ComponentSampling infrastructure
Indonesian TermSarana prasarana pengambilan sampel
SpecificationPlatform, port, access requirements
ComponentAmbient monitoring locations
Indonesian TermLokasi dan titik pemantauan Udara Ambien
SpecificationReceptor area monitoring points
4.2 Nine Mandatory Operator Obligations
ObligationControl equipment ownership
Indonesian RequirementMemiliki alat pengendali Emisi
Verification MethodEquipment inspection
ObligationStandard compliance
Indonesian RequirementMenaati Baku Mutu Emisi yang ditetapkan
Verification MethodEmission monitoring results
ObligationSampling requirements
Indonesian RequirementMemenuhi persyaratan teknis pengambilan sampel
Verification MethodSampling records
ObligationPeriodic monitoring
Indonesian RequirementMemantau Mutu Udara ambien dan konsentrasi Emisi secara berkala
Verification MethodMonitoring reports
ObligationReduction and reuse
Indonesian RequirementMelaksanakan pengurangan dan pemanfaatan kembali
Verification MethodWaste minimization records
ObligationCompetent personnel
Indonesian RequirementMemiliki penanggung jawab yang memiliki kompetensi
Verification MethodPersonnel certifications
ObligationLoad calculations
Indonesian RequirementMelakukan perhitungan Beban Emisi
Verification MethodLoad calculation reports
ObligationEmergency response system
Indonesian RequirementMemiliki Sistem Tanggap Darurat Pencemaran Udara
Verification MethodEmergency plan documentation
ObligationReporting
Indonesian RequirementMelaporkan melalui Sistem Informasi Lingkungan Hidup
Verification MethodSILH submission records
4.3 Four Prohibited Activities
ProhibitionDirect discharge
Indonesian TermMembuang Emisi secara langsung atau pelepasan dadakan
RationaleUncontrolled release prevention
ProhibitionNon-stack emissions
Indonesian TermPembuangan Emisi non-fugitive tidak melalui cerobong
RationaleMonitoring point requirement
ProhibitionStack dilution
Indonesian TermMenambahkan udara ke cerobong setelah alat pengendali
RationaleFalse compliance prevention
ProhibitionOther prohibited actions
Indonesian TermTindakan lain yang dilarang
RationalePermit and regulatory compliance
Pasal 197 establishes these obligations and prohibitions as conditions within Technical Approval, providing enforceable standards against which compliance is measured.
5.0 Human Resource and Management System Requirements
Beyond technical emission controls, the regulation mandates specific personnel competencies and environmental management systems for emission-generating facilities.
5.1 Personnel Competency Standards
Personnel RoleAir pollution control officer
Indonesian TermPenanggungjawab pengendalian Pencemaran Udara
Required CompetenciesTechnical oversight
Personnel RoleEquipment installation officer
Indonesian TermPenanggung jawab instalasi alat pengendali Emisi
Required CompetenciesControl equipment management
Personnel RoleOther specialized personnel
Indonesian TermPersonel yang memiliki kompetensi lainnya
Required CompetenciesAs operationally required
Pasal 198 ayat (2) specifies seven competency areas:
Competency AreaSource identification
Indonesian RequirementMelakukan identifikasi sumber pencemar Emisi
Competency AreaPollutant characterization
Indonesian RequirementMenentukan karakteristik pencemar Emisi
Competency AreaPollution assessment
Indonesian RequirementMenilai tingkat pencemaran Emisi
Competency AreaEquipment operation
Indonesian RequirementMengoperasikan dan melakukan perawatan alat pemantauan Emisi
Competency AreaHazard identification
Indonesian RequirementMelakukan identifikasi bahaya dalam pengendalian Emisi
Competency AreaOccupational safety
Indonesian RequirementMelaksanakan tindakan keselamatan dan kesehatan kerja
Competency AreaContinuing education
Indonesian RequirementMenguasai standar kompetensi lainnya sesuai dengan perkembangan
Pasal 202 deadline:
Pemenuhan standar kompetensi sumber daya manusia sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 198 dilakukan paling lambat 1 (satu) tahun sejak SLO diterbitkan.
Personnel competency requirements must be fulfilled within one year after Operating License (SLO) issuance.
5.2 Environmental Management System Framework
EMS StagePlanning
Indonesian TermPerencanaan
Key ActivitiesScope definition, policy establishment, resource allocation
EMS StageImplementation
Indonesian TermPelaksanaan
Key ActivitiesMonitoring, measurement, performance evaluation
EMS StageChecking
Indonesian TermPemeriksaan
Key ActivitiesCompliance evaluation, internal audit, management review
EMS StageAction
Indonesian TermTindakan
Key ActivitiesNon-conformance correction, continual improvement
Pasal 199 establishes the Plan-Do-Check-Act framework, requiring organizations to maintain documented environmental management systems for air pollution control operations.
6.0 Verification, Operating License, and Monitoring
Before commencing operations, facilities must undergo verification and obtain an Operating License (Surat Layak Operasi/SLO). Ongoing compliance requires emission monitoring through manual or continuous methods.
6.1 Verification and SLO Process
StepFacility verification
AuthorityMinister/Governor/Regent-Mayor
Verification ElementsControl equipment installation, functionality
OutcomePass/Fail determination
StepCompliance determination
AuthorityAssigned officials
Verification ElementsTechnical standard conformity
OutcomeMeets/Does not meet Technical Approval
StepSLO issuance
AuthorityCompetent authority
Verification ElementsVerification success
OutcomeAuthorization to operate
StepRepair orders
AuthorityCompetent authority
Verification ElementsVerification failure
OutcomeFacility modifications required
StepRe-verification
AuthorityCompetent authority
Verification ElementsPost-repair inspection
OutcomeSLO issuance or further orders
Pasal 201 ayat (4) provides:
Dalam hal hasil verifikasi... memenuhi Persetujuan Teknis, Menteri, gubernur, atau bupati/wali kota sesuai dengan kewenangannya menerbitkan SLO.
Operating License issuance depends on successful verification demonstrating facility conformity with Technical Approval requirements.
6.2 Emission Monitoring Requirements
Monitoring MethodManual monitoring
Indonesian TermPemantauan manual
RequirementsMinister-registered laboratory
ApplicationAll stationary sources
Monitoring MethodCEMS
Indonesian TermPemantauan otomatis dan terus menerus
RequirementsCalibrated instruments
ApplicationMinister-designated activities
Monitoring MethodSILH integration
Indonesian TermIntegrasi ke Sistem Informasi
RequirementsData transmission
ApplicationCEMS-required facilities
Pasal 203 ayat (5-6) establishes:
Menteri menetapkan Usaha dan/atau Kegiatan yang wajib melakukan pemantauan secara otomatis dan terus-menerus. Setiap penanggung jawab... wajib mengintegrasikan pemantauan Emisinya ke dalam Sistem Informasi Lingkungan Hidup.
The Minister designates which activities require continuous emission monitoring systems, and those facilities must integrate monitoring data into the Environmental Information System.
7.0 Authority Jurisdiction Matrix
Emission control authority follows the Environmental Approval jurisdiction framework, with specific roles assigned at national, provincial, and regency/municipal levels.
7.1 Authority Distribution
FunctionStandard establishment
Central (Minister)Primary authority
Provincial (Governor)Implement national standards
Local (Regent/Mayor)Implement national standards
FunctionTechnical Approval review
Central (Minister)National-jurisdiction activities
Provincial (Governor)Provincial-jurisdiction activities
Local (Regent/Mayor)Local-jurisdiction activities
FunctionSLO issuance
Central (Minister)National-jurisdiction facilities
Provincial (Governor)Provincial-jurisdiction facilities
Local (Regent/Mayor)Local-jurisdiction facilities
FunctionCEMS designation
Central (Minister)Sole authority
Provincial (Governor)Implementation
Local (Regent/Mayor)Implementation
FunctionLaboratory registration
Central (Minister)Sole authority
Provincial (Governor)N/A
Local (Regent/Mayor)N/A
FunctionSupervision
Central (Minister)National-jurisdiction
Provincial (Governor)Provincial-jurisdiction
Local (Regent/Mayor)Local-jurisdiction
Pasal 192 ayat (1) establishes:
Penanggung jawab Usaha dan/atau Kegiatan wajib mengajukan permohonan Persetujuan Teknis pemenuhan Baku Mutu Emisi... kepada Menteri, gubernur, atau bupati/wali kota sesuai dengan kewenangan Persetujuan Lingkungan.
Technical Approval applications are submitted to the authority that issued the Environmental Approval, maintaining jurisdictional consistency throughout the regulatory process.
Conclusion
Indonesia's stationary source emission control framework under PP 22/2021 creates a structured compliance pathway based on emission impact classification. Low-impact facilities apply ministerially-established standards, while high-impact facilities must obtain individualized Technical Approval through a rigorous 15-element application process completed within 30 business days.
The Technical Approval system integrates technical emission limits with human resource competency requirements and environmental management system obligations. Verification processes ensure facilities are constructed according to approved specifications before Operating License issuance. Ongoing compliance requires emission monitoring—manual for all facilities, continuous (CEMS) for designated high-impact operations—with data integration into the national Environmental Information System.
For facilities experiencing compliance difficulties, the regulation provides structured correction mechanisms through repair orders and modified Technical Approvals. Non-compliance exposes operators to administrative sanctions including written warnings, government coercion, administrative fines, and ultimately permit suspension or revocation. The framework connects with ambient air quality standards and the WPPMU classification system, ensuring stationary source controls contribute to broader air quality management objectives.
Official Sources
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Law Database
Access PP 22/2021 in the CRPG Law Database: PP 22/2021
